CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
TOPIC: ISLAMIC SCHOLAR (AL-RAZI)
COURSE TITLE / CODE:
ISLAMIC REVEALED KNOWLEDGE / RKA 0433
INSTRUCTOR’S NAME: USTAZAH FATHIYATUNNUR BT IDRIS
MEMBERS:
NO
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NAME
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MATRIC
NO
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PROGRAMME
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SECTION
NO
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1
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SITI
MARIAM BT YUSOFF
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BAR
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511
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2
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SHARIFAH
SOFIYAH SYED SHAMSUDIN
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BAR
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511
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3
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NUR
SYAZWINA BINTI ZAKARIA
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BAR
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511
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4
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NURUL JANNAH BT MOHD PUAT
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511
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INTRODUCTION
Abu Abdullah
Muhammad ibn Umar al-Husayn at-Tamyi al-Bakri at-Tabaristani Fakhr al-Din
ar-Razi (أبو عبدالله
محمد بن عمر بن الحسین فخرالدین الرازي
) most commonly known as ar-Razi. Fakhruddin Ar-Razi was a Persian Sunni Muslim
theology and philosopher who wrote in Arabic. He was one of the well-known
Islamic figure. He live in the second half of the sixth century. Imam
Fakhruddin Ar-Razi experts in a
wide variety of disciplines, including the traditional Islamic fields of Sharia law, Fiqh jurisprudence, Islamic
literature, Tafsir exegesis, Kalam theology, Arabic grammar and Muslim history, the Islamic
philosophies of ethics and metaphysics, the formal sciences of logic and mathematics, the natural sciences of astronomy, cosmology and physics, Islamic psychology, medicine, and the occult arts of alchemy and astrology. He wrote on history, grammar, rhetoric, literature, law, the
natural sciences and philosophy, and composed one of the major works of
Qur'anic exegesis. His disputatious character,
intolerant of intellectual weakness, frequently surfaces in his writings, but
these are also marked by a spirit of synthesis and a profound desire to uncover
the truth, whatever its source. He was very persuasive when he spoke
and been characterized by an independence of thinking and rational approach.
CONTENTS
(BIOGRAPHY)
Biography of
Imam Fakhr al-din al-Razi was retrieved from “Sufi commentaries on the Quran in
classical Islam” and internet as other sources. Imam al-razi’s full name is Abu
Abdallah Muhammad bin Umar bin Al-Husayn Fakhruddin al-Razi RA, also known as
Abul Fazl, Abul Ma’ali, al-Imam, Ibn al-Khatib, Khatib al-Rayy and Shaykh
al-Islam. Imam fakhruddin Al-Razi RA was born in a Persian town of Rayy in
544/1149. He
holds onto madzhab imam As-syafie and really interested in traditional Islamic
fields of Sharia law, Fiqh jurisprudence, Islamic literature, Tafsir exegesis,
Kalam theology, Arabic grammar and Muslim history; the Islamic philosophies of
ethics and metaphysics; the formal sciences of logic and mathematics; the
natural sciences of astronomy, cosmology and physics; Islamic psychology;
medicine; and the occult arts of alchemy and astrology. His father, Ziauddin,
known as Khatib al-Rayy, was his first teacher in kalam and fiqh. After his
father died, he took lessons in various Islamic sciences from Majduddin al-Jili
and jurisprudence from al-Kamal al-Samnani. Al-Razi traveled throughout the
Muslim world, recorded in his own sixteen-chapter account of the places he
visited, the scholars he met, and summaries of their discussions
"(Munazarat Fakhruddin Al Razi fi Bilad Ma Wara’ al-Nahr)". It is
said that when he moved from place to place, at least three hundred students
would follow him. He settled in Herat, where a madrasa was built for him. One
day Al-Razi had to leave the city and the year of his exile had such an impact
that scholars and opponents described it as sanat al-fitna. In every dispute,
Al-Razi began with his own line of thought or outlined the various alternatives
to the solution and then concisely indicated his choice of preferred
alternatives. Moreover he was a strong man of Batin, Al-Razi died in Herat in
606/1209. In his will "Wasiyya", which he dictated to a student before
his death.
CONTENTS (CONTRIBUTION)
Muhammad ibn Umar Fakhr al-Din al-Razi who is one of the well-known Persian Islamic theologian and
philosopher had wrote Tafsir al-Kabir (The Great Commentary) it also known as
Mafatih al-Ghayb which means Keys to the Unknown. Tafsir al-Kabir is an
exegesis and commentary on the Al-Quran, it is eight volumes in length. This work contains much of philosophical interest. Self-sufficiently if
intellect is one of his major concern. He believed that proofs based on
tradition (hadith) "could never lead to certainty (yaqin) but only to presumption (zann), a key distinction in Islamic thought." However, his
"acknowledgement of the primacy of the Qur'an grew with his years."
Al-Razi's rationalism undoubtedly "holds an important place in the debate in the Islamic
tradition on the harmonization of reason and revelation." In his later
years, he also showed interest in mysticism, though this never formed a significant part of his thought.
Imam Muhammad ibn Umar Fakhr al-Din al-Razi. His most important work on Shariah law and usul al-fiqh or Islamic
jurisprudence was the Al-Mahsul
fi 'Ilm al-Usul, also known as the Al-Mahsul. Like his predecessor Al-Ghazali. Imam al-Razi applied inductive logic to Islamic law, particularly in cases that have multiple legal precedents. Al-Mahsul fi ‘Ilm al-Usul looks at the science of the assets of Islamic jurisprudence, a reference is due to
everyone who wants to write or speak in the science
of assets, which he introduced
his work to the
introductions of fundamentalism, languages, and do's and don'ts and acts
duplicator and copied
and consensus, news and measurement
and tie and
weighting, diligence, and the separation of the great detail.
Al-Mahsul fi 'Ilm al-Usul has received great attention from scholars and
practitioners do, it is among the explainer
and concise and commentator on this edition comments
and footnotes task. Al-Mahsul is considered to be an
encyclopedia of Usul al-Fiqh. The work was published by Imam Sa'ud University
(1979) with Dr.Taha Jabir al-'Alwani's tahqiq. al-Mahsul was published a second
time in 1999 by al-Maktab al-'Asriyyah.
Al-Razi also makes a significant contribution in the field of
chemicals produced from Kitab al-Asrar (The Book of Secrets). Al-Razi was well
versed in chemistry. Some regard him as the founder of modern chemistry. He
invented apparatus and recorded in detail the more than twenty tools steel and
glass. Knowledge can be observed from his medical practice. He said that
a patient who is recovering from an illness caused by a chemical reaction that
occurs in the body. He divides the chemicals on the types of smaller ones. This
metal is divided into the soul, the body, rock, Vitrola, borax and salt and
removes from the objects of volatile and non-volatile. In addition, al-Razi has
rejected the concept of alchemy Jabir where it is more similar to magic and
science of inner and exegeses Jabir reject the concept that divides everything
into outer (outside) and inner (hidden). Thus al-Razi was regarded as the
founder of modern chemistry. Nevertheless the word alchemy is still used. This
is because according to Nasr chemistry and alchemy are two separate sciences.
In the study of chemistry, al-Razi never makes acids such as sulphuric acid,
which he named as the oil Vitrola. Moreover, he has been using alcohol in the
preparation of drugs where alcohol is made by distilling starch or sugar which
has been fermented. Thus al-Razi was known as the first to introduce the
chemical preparation in medical practice.
Al-Razi was a pioneer in many fields of medicine and treatment. In
particular, he was a pioneer in the field of pediatrics, midwifery knowledge
and knowledge related to the eye. In the medical field, its contribution is
very important. According to a survey conducted by one of the special nature of
the medical system is through proper diet to cure diseases. He was also the
first to introduce the use of alcohol for medicinal purposes. He also was a
surgeon and doctor first to use opium (drug) for the purpose of an aesthesia.
In addition he talks about cataracts and a member of the first scientists to
discuss enlarging and reducing pupil. He describes the reaction of the pupil of
the small muscles where its movement based on the intensity of the light. In
addition, al-Razi emphasizes the relationship between doctor and patient. He
suggested that a bond of trust between both parties can be realized. This is
because a positive comment from a doctor can give new momentum to the next
patient making them feel comfortable and help the healing process. Al-Razi was
the first person who can distinguish both the disease and find a cure equally
where he was listed in the book Al-Judari Wa-al Habsah. Kitab al-Hawi (Liber
Contines) is an encyclopedia of medical practice therapeutic generated by a
reference European world. The discovery of al-Razi measles measles pure
('smallpox') and regular measles ('measel') is also a medical reference
materials in the Western world but also repeated several times until the
publication century-18M. Both of these works are also a source of traditional
curriculum among medical practitioners Islam. Kitab al-Mansur (Liber
medicinalis ad al Mansorem) also masterpiece al-Razi in the world Peru bed.
Al-Razi has resulted in this book when he was Governor of Khorasan under the
rule of al-Mansur Ibn Ishaq. This book is considered one of his works was
genuine and reflects the maturity and expertise in modern medical practice. In
this book he also stressed the importance of a thorough examination before
making a conclusion about a disease. One of the most important philosophical
works of al-Razi is truth in medical science is a very scarce and even less
widely available but also reference value if compared with the practice of a
doctor who always use the power of thought and logic.
CONCLUSION
Imam Fakhr al-Din al-Razi search for the knowledge, acquire
knowledge, practice and preach this knowledge. No man becomes truly a Muslim
without knowing the meaning of Islam, because he becomes a Muslim not through
birth but through knowledge. His disputatious character,
intolerant of intellectual weakness, frequently surfaces in his writings, but
these are also marked by a spirit of synthesis and a profound desire to uncover
the truth, whatever its source. The determination of imam Ar-Razi in his contributions to Islam should
be respected. We as a student as well as a Muslim should make him as an idol as
we must work hard searching for knowledge and never give up on doing something.
REFERENCES
BOOKS
1. Tafsir Al-fakh Al-Razi
-Author: Muhammad ibn Umar
-Publisher : Darul Fikri (1997)
2. Sufi Commentaries on the Quran In Classic Islam
-Author: Kristin Zahra Sands
-Publisher : Routledge (2006)
3. Silsilah Ulama Tafsir
-Author : Ali Yusuff Ali
-Publisher: Pustaka (1989)
4. Muslim philosophy science and mysticism
-Author : Hamid Naseem
-Publisher : New Delhi Sarup & Son (2001)
5. Concise history of Afghanistan
-Author : Hamid Wahed Alikuzai
-Publisher: Trafford Publishing, (2013)
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